America's Ongoing Pursuit of Justice and Democratic Values

Tyranny thrives on fear, silence, and compliance. Democracy demands courage - Illinois Governor JB Pritzker.

Extremist ideologies, like Nazism, often begin with targeted oppression, and if left unchecked, they can escalate further. DOGE began as a campaign against DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) and minorities—and it was initially tolerated.

Now the purge has become colour-blind but class-focused, sometimes selective, targeting known and perceived enemies. Federal agencies have degenerated into caricatures of their once-strong and reliable selves. In this environment, no one is truly safe. Societies must protect vulnerable groups and uphold democratic values to ensure the safety and well-being of all.

The momentum of the emerging nationwide demand for justice and democratic values is still being defined, requiring the active participation of citizens, policymakers, and community leaders. I have faith in America's resilience; it will persevere and the people will emerge victorious, even without a clear direction.

During the height of the attack on Capitol Hill, a remarkable act of courage took place. The President's official driver refused to drive him to the scene, effectively thwarting his attempt to empower the insurrection. When the President attempted to drive himself, a security agent intervened, restraining him. This bold move exemplifies courage under fire and a commitment to protecting democratic values.

We must also remember the patriots who resigned from the White House and the Justice Department during the President's first term in office. Their selfless acts demonstrate a strong moral compass and dedication to upholding the principles of democracy. We salute their bravery and conviction.

From the civil rights movement to the present day, the nation has grappled with systemic injustices, social inequalities, and threats to democratic institutions. And we always win. America will overcome the madness of the moment.

Finally, the partnership between DOGE, Elon Musk, and the Trump administration is a fleeting moment in history, much like a scene in a movie - it will eventually fade away. America has weathered turbulent times before, overcoming challenges posed by President Nixon. Similarly, it will overcome this moment.

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President Donald Trump v President Cyril Ramaphosa: A Critical Analysis of South Africa's Expropriation Act of 2024

Introduction

This essay seeks to correct the misconceptions perpetuated by President Donald Trump and Mr. Elon Musk regarding the South African Expropriation Act of 2024. They falsely claim that the legislation unfairly deprived White farmers of their land rights under President Ramaphosa's administration. However, this assertion is inaccurate. It is essential to understand that the Expropriation Act does not target specific groups, such as White farmers, but rather aims to address the historical injustices of apartheid-era land policies and promote equitable land distribution. By examining the facts and legislative context in conjunction with Common Law principles, it becomes clear that the narrative pushed by President Trump and his advisors is misinformed and misleading. This legislation is consistent with global standards, similar to the concepts of Police Power and Eminent Domain in common law countries and in the United States of America.

A Highlight of the Expropriation Act

As reported by TIME Magazine, ‘The South African Expropriation Act of 2024, signed into law on January 23, 2025, addresses land ownership inequalities rooted in the pre-1994 apartheid era. The Act was the result of five years of public consultation and parliamentary debate. It outlines the process for expropriating land "for a public purpose or in the public interest," ensuring "just and equitable" compensation. While the Act generally requires compensation, it includes specific circumstances in which compensation may be zero.’

The Contentious Section: Zero (Nil) Compensation

Section 12 of the South African Expropriation Bill, 2025, outlines circumstances where compensation for expropriated property may be zero, or "nil." The key points are as follows:

1. Compensation Amounts:
• The bill mandates that compensation be "just and equitable," reflecting both the property's value and the owner's interests—similar to the Eminent Domain approach in Common Law.
• In certain circumstances, the compensation amount may be zero (Nil)—comparable to the Police Power approach in Common Law.
2. Circumstances for Zero or Nil Compensation: The Act provides four specific grounds under which zero compensation may apply. These are not arbitrary and are limited to certain situations:
• Land held for speculative purposes and unused by the owner.
• Abandoned land where the owner has failed to maintain control.
• Land whose market value is equal to or less than the value of direct state investment or subsidy used for its acquisition and improvement.
• Land held by a state entity but not used for its core functions and acquired without compensation.

Procedures for Expropriation (Due Process Approach)

The Act’s primary goal is land reform and addressing historical injustices. It establishes clear procedures for expropriation, including:

• Notice requirements
• Opportunities for objections
• Dispute resolution mechanisms

This approach mirrors the due process standards in the United States and other Common Law countries. Therefore, it is disconcerting that President Trump and his advisors would accept misinformation, likely manipulated by figures like Elon Musk, without seeking informed legal counsel.

The Common Law Approach and International Standards

Many countries have legal frameworks for government acquisition of private property for public use. Two prominent concepts are:

1. Eminent Domain: This power allows governments to seize private property for public use, provided "just compensation" is offered, usually based on the property’s fair market value. Due process—including notice and a hearing—is typically required. The South African Act uses "just and equitable" compensation, which aligns with the Eminent Domain concept.
2. Police Power: This power allows governments to regulate private property to protect public health, safety, morals, and welfare. In these cases, just compensation is not always required, as the government is regulating property use. This principle is reflected in the South African Expropriation Act under its provision for zero compensation in certain circumstances.

The concept of zero or "nil" compensation in specific limited circumstances, as outlined in the South African legislation, is consistent with the common law Police Power approach.

Conclusion

The South African Expropriation Bill of 2025 is a complex piece of legislation designed to address historical injustices and promote land reform. It is essential to base discussions about the law on facts and context rather than misinformation and speculation. The proposal to extend refugee status to White South African farmers is ridiculous. These individuals, who often enjoy upper-middle-class lifestyles in their home country, do not meet the criteria for refugee status, which is intended for those facing persecution and displacement.

The people of South Africa deserve fairness, transparency, and accountability from their leaders. President Ramaphosa, like any public official, deserves a fair hearing from President Trump. Engaging in dialogue with Ramaphosa’s government would allow for a better understanding of the Expropriation Act and its objectives, ensuring that it is applied judiciously and that those affected by the law are fairly compensated.

At present, the Expropriation Act of 2024 has not yet been fully tested in the courts, and no one has suffered harm or deprivations as a result of the Act. Therefore, President Trump's decision to freeze aid to South Africa should be reconsidered. Rather than halting aid, the US government could engage in constructive dialogue with the South African government to better understand their concerns, developmental needs, and the rationale behind the Expropriation Act.

There is Wisdom in Criminalizing Electoral Malpractices in Nigeria.

 As an observer who participated in the voting process, I strongly believe that Senator Adam Oshiomhole and INEC's actions in Benin City during the 2024 Edo State gubernatorial election represent the most egregious electoral crime in Nigerian history.

The physical restraint of PDP and other party agents by law enforcement agents, preventing them from accessing INEC collation centres, was a clear contravention of established regulations.

Furthermore, the blatant manipulation of figures, disregarding the risk of detection or accountability, and the utilization of 'federal might' to legitimize these actions are collectively a sin against humanity.

Election rigging perpetuates misfits, ill-prepared, and unqualified individuals in the corridors of power. Consequently, a culture of lower expectation is created - the little accomplishment is celebrated as a big deal.

This brazen abuse of power diverges significantly from the electoral process and leadership development in emerging countries like Egypt, Morocco, or Algeria.

For instance, the pace of infrastructural development in Egypt post-Arab Spring surpasses the progress made in the preceding thirty years. Expectation and leadership performance are no longer defined by local standards.

Finally, until we resolve to start prosecuting electoral malpractices and sending guilty offenders to jail, the Edo State situation will assume a more sophisticated execution mode all over Nigeria.

The Making of an Oligarchy.

Oligarchy, like other forms of governance, originated with an individual and evolved into a deeply entrenched notion within a select group, ultimately became an established norm - a way of life for a privileged few who wield power over the majority.

The institution of slavery, Nazism, the Rwandan genocide, and ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia were gradual processes that began with an idea conceived by an individual and supported by devoted adherents who believed in their inherent superiority.

President Donald Trump's remarks during his first term, favouring Norwegians over asylum seekers from 's...hole countries' like Haiti, El Salvador, and Africa, exemplify this notion.

America is not fighting another race war, and those who seek to divide us along racial and class lines will face defeat. I solemnly declare, in God's name and a spirit of unity, Amen.

President Donald Trump's Misrepresentation of President Ramaphosa's Land Reform Agenda: A Critical Analysis of the South African Expropriation Act of 2024.

 Introduction

This essay seeks to correct the misconceptions perpetuated by President Donald Trump and Mr. Elon Musk regarding the South African Expropriation Act of 2024. They falsely claim that the legislation unfairly deprived White farmers of their land rights under President Ramaphosa's administration. However, this assertion is inaccurate. It is essential to understand that the Expropriation Act does not target specific groups, such as White farmers, but rather aims to address the historical injustices of apartheid-era land policies and promote equitable land distribution. By examining the facts and legislative context in conjunction with Common Law principles, it becomes clear that the narrative pushed by President Trump and his advisors is misinformed and misleading. This legislation is consistent with global standards, similar to the concepts of Police Power and Eminent Domain in common law countries and in the United States of America.

An Objective View

As reported by TIME Magazine, 'the South African Expropriation Act of 2024, signed into law on January 23, 2025, addresses land ownership inequalities stemming from the pre-1994 apartheid era. This Act resulted from five years of public consultation and parliamentary debate. It outlines the process for expropriation "for a public purpose or in the public interest" and mandates "just and equitable" compensation. While generally requiring such compensation, the Act does include specific circumstances where compensation may be zero.'

The Contentious Section: Zero (Nil) Compensation

Section 12 of the South African Expropriation Bill 2025 outlines the circumstances under which compensation for expropriated property may be zero or "nil". Here are the key points:

Compensation Amounts:

(1) The bill requires that compensation be JUST AND EQUITABLE, reflecting the property's value and the owner's interests - Equivalent to the Eminent Domain Approach under Common Law.

(2) In specific circumstances, the compensation amount may be zero (Nil) - Equivalent to the Police Power Approach under Common Law.

Circumstances for Zero or Nil Compensation

There are four grounds, and it is important to understand they are not arbitrary. They apply to specific situations, including:

(1) Land held for speculative purposes and unused by the owner.

(2) Abandoned land where the owner has failed to maintain control.

(3) A land whose market value is equal to or less than the value of direct state investment or subsidy in its acquisition and beneficial capital improvement.

(4) Land held by a state entity but not used for its core functions and acquired without consideration.

Procedures for Expropriation (Due Process Approach)

The Act's core objectives are facilitating land reform and addressing historical injustices. It establishes clear procedures for expropriation, including (a) notice requirements, (b) opportunities for objections, and (c) dispute resolution mechanisms.

It is the same approach or standard in the United States and under the due process approach in Common Law countries. So, it's quite disturbing why President Donald Trump and his advisers should fall captive to Mr. Elon Musk's manipulation without seeking informed legal opinion.

The Common Law Approach and International Standard

Many countries have legal frameworks for government acquisition of private property for public use. Two prominent examples are Eminent Domain and Police Power.

Eminent Domain: This power allows governments to seize private property for public use, provided they offer "Just Compensation," typically based on the property's fair market value. Due process, including notice and a hearing, is generally required. (In the South African Act, they used "Just and Equitable" compensation).

Police Power: This power allows governments to regulate private property to protect public health, safety, morals, and welfare. Just compensation is not always mandated in these cases, as the government is regulating the use, not necessarily acquiring the property. It is the same standard in the United States, and that was how New York City, for instance, was built.

The concept of zero or "nil" compensation in specific limited circumstances, as reflected in the South African legislation, is not without precedent in various jurisdictions. It is the same as “without compensation” under the common law Police Power.

In conclusion, the South African Expropriation Bill of 2025 is a multifaceted legislation aimed at addressing historical injustices and promoting land reform. It is essential to understand the facts and context surrounding this law rather than relying on misinformation and speculation to impose penalties on the government and people of South Africa.

The notion of extending refugee status to White South African farmers is utterly absurd. These individuals (our White brothers) typically enjoy upper-middle-class lifestyles in their home country, a far cry from the persecution and displacement that refugee status is intended to address. This is a classic case of a decision-making body deploying its power without considering the broader implications of its actions.

The people of South Africa deserve fairness, transparency, and accountability from their leaders. President Ramaphosa, like any other public official, deserves a fair hearing from President Donald Trump. By giving him a hearing, we can work towards ensuring that the Expropriation Act is judiciously applied and that those who suffered deprivations are duly compensated.

Right now, it suffices to say that the Expropriation Act 2024 is unripe for judicial attack - no one has suffered harm or deprivations and has not yet been fully tested or interpreted by the courts. Therefore, President Donald Trump's decision to freeze aid to South Africa warrants reconsideration. Rather than freezing aid, the US government could engage in constructive dialogue with Ramaphosa's government to better understand their concerns, developmental needs, and the essence of the Expropriation Act.

FIFA World Cup Final: Coach Didier Deschamps and a Lesson in Authentic Leadership. (A Master Class)

I am not a Sportswriter, commentator, analyst, or enthusiast. I am a Lawyer by training, and I have a passion for crafting public policy statements.

I write this piece strictly influenced by both a theoretical and managerial perspective, based on what I observed a few days ago in the 2022 World Cup final match in Qatar between the France National Football Team and the Argentina National Football Team.

As human beings, we are bound to make mistakes or commit errors of judgment in whatever we do. Only God is infallible.

Objectively, most mistakes are excusable, while some are unpardonable, depending on their egregious nature or willfulness.

It is, however, the ability or inability of the leadership to react to a given situation, acknowledge the existence of shortcomings, identify the nature of the deficiencies, and develop appropriate and immediate remedial mechanisms that separate authentic leaders from neophytes and opportunists.

In the just concluded 2022 World Cup tournament, most of the France National Football Team's star players didn't make it to Qatar due to serious injuries.

The team, though plagued by unmitigated disasters before the World Cup tournament, was still able to make it to the final round against the Argentina National Football Team.

Given the team's excellent performance in the preliminary stages, it was a dumbfounding spectacle when it conceded two goals in the first 35 minutes of play against Messi and his crew. The team was chaotic, lacking steam or cohesion, and appearing unmatched for the Argentine side.

And like a bolt from the blue, France's coach, Didier Deschamps, went into action, not waiting until the end of the First Half to make a change or replacements.

He dropped two players and brought in new faces. Marcus Thuram and Kolo Muani came on for Ousmane Dembele and Olivier Giroud respectively.

That decision in the last 5 minutes of the First Half was not just unusual, but unprecedented. He didn't prevaricate. He must have reasoned that waiting until the end of the First Half before initiating replacements is a deadly flighty purpose that must be overtaken and conquered.

He reacted fast and furiously with commensurate remediation when he discovered the leakages and deficiencies in his lineup. And the result was magical. That's the thesis of this essay.

As he must have anticipated, his team turns the heat on the Argentina team instantaneously. The players maintain that vigorous standard of play until the blasting of the final whistle at the end of 120 minutes of real football.

He made other tactical changes in the early minutes of the Second Half - a decision that revolutionized his team.

Consequently, the French side, thanks to the electrifying Mbappe, scored two goals in quick succession, thus making the scores even for both teams before the end of the original 90 minutes of play.

The question now is, would France Nation Team have conceded those two goals in the First Half if Marcus Thuram and Kolo Muani were parts of the initial eleven players on the field for France? We may never know.

What we do know, however, is that after those changes the French Team did not only stop Messi and his crew from terrorizing their 18-yard box or scoring, but they went ahead and scored two goals before the full 90 minutes of play.

The regulatory 30 minutes of extra time brought out the best and a new surge of energy in the team. Thus, turning the 2022 World Cup final match into one of intense and monumental suspense.

And were it not for a miraculous save by the Argentina Goalkeeper, Emiliano Martinez, in the dying minutes of the second half of the extra 30 minutes, France striker, Randal Kolo Muani could have made it 4 - 3 in favour of France.

What the France National Football Team coach, Didier Deschamps, did in the first half of the game is a true definition of authentic leadership.

REMEMBERING GEORGE SHULTZ

Some men are born great. Some have greatness trusted upon them. Neither principle applies to George Shultz. I am unwilling to accept the proposition that someone who went through Princeton for his Bachelor's Degree, MA and PhD from MIT had greatness trusted upon him or that he was born into greatness. Mr. George Shultz sewed seeds and made sacrifices, and greatness came upon him unsolicited based on the contents of his character. 

I share this story, not because Mr. Shultz was the American Secretary of the Treasury. And certainly not because he was the Secretary of State. I did because he was a great man, a colossus on the global stage of diplomacy who perfected integrating compassion, love, and humanity, and immersion of wisdom into a negotiation, without undermining the national interest of the guy at the other end of the table. 

He brought energy to his job. He was more powerful than the government he served - not in the negative sense. He projected truth. And he projected trust. Terms like Strategic Defense Initiative and Integration of Force and Diplomacy were given life during his term as US Secretary of State.  He was President Nixon's Secretary of the Treasury (Minister of Finance) and Chairman of the Council on Economic Policy. He was appointed Secretary of State by President Reagan. 

He was neither the gregarious Alexander Haig nor the conservative ideological leaning Henry Kissinger, he wasn't about left or right, socialism versus capitalism, or liberalism versus regulated markets. He was simply human - a scholar, an academic, searching for and negotiating common ground to broker workable peace. It was about what is good for mankind. Indeed, he was a gift to America and Ambassador to the whole world. I would add that his groundwork led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dismantling of the Berlin Wall. 

Working with Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger and President Reagan on the one hand and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and Soviet President Mr. Gorbachev they signed a landmark arms control agreement, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987. Mr. Shultz wanted you to embrace democracy, certainly not by compulsion or tying conditions into it. 

According to Henry Kissinger former Secretary of State, "If I could choose one American to whom I would entrust the nation's fate in a crisis, it would be George Shultz. Reading his book "Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State," all I could see was a man who brought his classroom before the global audience - making friends, lecturing, negotiating deals, and standing for what is noble and male the world a better place. And most often, I would pause and ask myself, why am I not like him and how do I equip myself to be able to carry the global burden on my shoulder without feeling the pain or complaining? 

Reading his book prompted me to buy "Work Hard, Study ... Keep Out of Politics: Adventure and Lesson from an Unexpected Public Life" by James A. Baker III, another giant in American foreign affairs. Reading their works, you could feel the compassion, seriousness, and authenticity they brought to the negotiation table. 

Nigeria had numerous of George Shultz, who, sadly, didn't make it to the global stage in our foreign affairs. Notably, Professor Claude Ake, Professor Eme Awa, Professor Ojetunji Aboyade, Dr Akinola Aguda, and Dr Stanley Macebuh. They were not only intellectually gifted but unapologetically forthright. Except for Dr. Akinola Aguda who was appointed Chief Justice of the nation of Botswana and Lesotho. 

May the soul of Mr. George Shultz rest in peace. 

 On CAMA, I Stand with Bishop Oyedepo and the Chuch

Whatever you do or whatever your intentions are concerning the CAMA proposal to appoint Trustees to regulate the financial affairs of the church, always remember that Pastors and Bishops come and go, but the Church remains. The moment you start subjecting the church, mosque, or religious body to the regulatory rigmarole of a Federal Government that lacks the managerial expertise to regulate its myriad institutions, you'd be creating a monster at Abuja that would hasten your demise as a nation-state. 

With CAMA engagement, the federal government is, directly and indirectly, capturing the inherent rights of the people as it relates to their relationship with God or Allah. If you want to tax the church, fine. But to shroud, your dubious intent under the argument of ensuring regulatory compliance because the church is a creation of an act of state is the vilest a proposition to make. 

There is more to the proposition than meets the eye. It has nothing to do with your love for the congregation or your interest in accountability or financial probity. It is hatred. Pure and simple. The authors of the proposal are not comfortable with the enormous wealth under the control of the big churches in Nigeria. The goal is to curb their influence and demystify the clout of the founders of the megachurches by any means necessary.  

Please, whether you are a lawyer or a public affairs commentator, don't be a victim of the resentment you harbour against some of the big names behind some of the big churches in Nigeria. The motive is to disorganize the church. The proposed financial review is just a facade to hoodwink gullible Nigeria into swallowing their hocus-pocus, to destroy the only institution in Nigeria that is operating outside of their whims and caprices. The church should resist it. 

CELEBRATING NIGERIAN CRITICS

And as long as we continue to measure intellectualism or national relevance based on proficiency in the English language or the use of English Grammar by our writers and commentators, then, Liberal Arts graduates who know little or nothing about public policies or management will continue to loom large in the public space and continue to be celebrated by Nigerians as the conscience of the nation. What are they writing about? Nothing useful. They are critics and they are "news analysts" who derive pleasure and attention by rehearsing and bombarding gullible Nigerians with the same old stories by spicing them with captivating nuances and innuendos. At the end of the day, the readers gain nothing other than beautiful prose. Above all,  corruption and abuse of public trust by political leaders and civil servants remain unchanged. Today, it is more appealing to be a critic than to be solutions-focused in your writing. 

PRESIDENT BUHARI AND THE UNMAKING OF A THESIS.

 I do not profess to be an intellectual, but I have common sense. And my work speaks for me. The Thesis you are about to read was developed and published in 2012. Thank God, everything works out as intended - the culmination of a progressive-leaning political party, the APC. They ran, and they won. But the victory died stillbirth. The mandate was hijacked by unknown forces. Today, the said unknown forces are still being defined. The fears that provoked the thesis are unravelling beyond the author's wildest imagination. And the status quo is made worse. Happy reading. 

Thesis:

How do you make a change in a given society when those who ought to be at the forefront of change [Northern academics, mavericks, and intellectuals] are the direct beneficiaries of the policies [feudalism and caste system] that made the call for change inevitable?

This is not an isolated or abstract academic puzzle - it is the real deal at the core of our political impasse as a nation-state. And it is the first hurdle that those of us (non-partisan real progressives from the South) who think one great Nigeria is not an illusion (a reality) must first overcome to develop a formidable framework for a genuinely progressive movement nationwide.

Here is my approach to the thesis.

In light of the current development in Nigeria, it is incumbent on the part of the vocal northern intellectuals to rebel in principle against the age-old oligarchy system of government prevalent in the northern region to collaborate with the progressives nationwide to create a political culture that will stand the test of time and benefit everyone equally. 

Given the scale of unrest in the north, rebelling against the feudal philosophy that perpetuates the caste system becomes a moral obligation because (1) it is the right thing to do given the level of discontent as well as the total disconnect between the nouveau riche and the Talakawa. (2) the obscene wealth flowing to some individual families in the north from lucrative oil blocs appropriated during the past military regimes is more than necessary to develop the region, and (3) the unpredictable nature of the class warfare that will engulf the area and the spillover effect to the other parts of the country, should status quo remains unchanged, is more potent than imagined. 

Therefore, it is imperative on the part of the Mavericks and militant intellectuals of the North to either step out of their protective closets and align with progressive southerners to build sustainable human and economic development throughout the northern region and Nigeria at large, or remain ensconced in your El Dorado and suffer the Muammar Qaddafi's foolhardiness in the long run. Time is of the essence. 

CHALLENGES BEFORE NIGERIAN PROGRESSIVES

I have no doubt in my mind that a progressive administration - precisely at the national level, devoid of ethnic or religious colouration - is our best hope, given the level of discontent on campuses and the apparent disconnect between the governed and successive governments since independence. Until we have a genuine leader who espouses financial discipline, transparency, and accountability in the management of our wealth, we cannot make tomorrow better than today.

Given the fact that the present administration has not exhibited any modicum of rebellion against the status quo in terms of ideas and war against corruption, the earlier progressives of all shapes and stripes unite around a bold agenda and unseat the power clique the better for the nation at large. And that, my friends, is the surest route to emancipating and reinventing the Nigerian man inside of every one of us.

Therefore, this paper is more of a progressive pitch, making a case for (1) the need for Southern progressives and Northern mavericks and intellectuals to unite and rebel against greed and feudal principles to avert imminent class warfare. (2) given the seemingly fragile state of our sovereignty, the idea of a Sovereign National Conference, though well-intended, should not be a 'take it or leave it' option because there are too many uncertainties surrounding its successful evolution within a definite period. (3) that progressives and mavericks - with a uniform political and socio-economic agenda nationwide - stand a better chance at uniting this country and arresting the ills that facilitate religious intolerance, greed, corruption, and political assassinations, and (4) that the ruling class - from north to south and east to west - often times capitalises on existing ethnic mistrust to perpetuate their dominance of the political forces at the perils of the greater majority. Therefore, defeating them in a democratic setting is morally imperative. March 2012. 

My comment is today, May 30, 2021. 

They congregate, and after a series of meetings and deliberations, a patchwork was born - the APC. Regrettably, the party that came out of the coalition and won the 2015 Presidential election did not form the government. I repeat, APC did not form a government - General Buhari and the unknown forces did. And they have been in power since May 29, 2015. 

And who are these unknowns? 

They are the purveyors and beneficiaries of the caste system and feudalism that the thesis targeted. You do have a good understanding of feudalism, with the unhinged Almajiri culture and the helplessness of the Talakawas, you no longer need a tutorial on the concept of the caste system. 

The Talakawas and the Almajiri population are the ready tools for jihad, ethnic cleansing, land-grabbing mechanisms, and rigging of elections. So, their espousal of the Boko Haram principles is rooted in the caste system and dominance. 

They are amoebic, they come in different forms in different administrations. With them, ethnic loyalty and the awe of the superiority complex developed from the conquest of the native northerners hundreds of years ago remain unquenched. Whether in military uniforms or agbada, their loyalty is never to the green, white, green. 

But for the Customs and Immigration Services and the Crude Oil in the Niger Delta, this country would have been gone long ago. 

Let's not make pretence about it, a superiority complex that is built on unproven strength is hard to dislodge, especially when the opposing team is susceptible to capitulation, compromises, and accommodation in every dispute or confrontation. 

In light of the mess that President Buhari and his folks made of this thesis and the progressive mandate, the demand for Decentralization of power is now unassailable. NEVER TRUST A PARASITE WHO TAKES YOUR CIVILITY, EGALITARIANISM, AND PATRIOTIC FERVOR FOR WEAKNESS.